As any other field, we have people, groups, and nations that support the argument for animal testing and those that are against the concept of animal testing. The supporters of this concept argue that computers can be unreliable in giving accurate results or information on issues related to cells, environment or molecules (Christopher 17). Animal testing has therefore been used to give very reliable and substantial scientific information in the last century. On the other hand, opponents or individuals who challenge the concept of animal experimentation argue that animals, like humans, feel and experience pain and should not be subjected to unnecessary pain and suffering. Furthermore, they posit that animals used for research are often subjected to cruel and traumatizing conditions, therefore, negating fundamental animal rights. Moreover, other arguments indicate that animals should be respected because they have natural rights just like all other beings (Hackman 101).

Virtually 3.9 million experiments are performed yearly involving animals such macaque monkeys and guinea pigs. This overlooks the fact that macaque monkeys are very intelligent and social creatures that share most attributes present in human beings (Christopher 29). It is sad that the government has failed in controlling this experiments or even bringing them to a stop yet so many vices are associated with the process. Some of the negativities are animals tolerate extreme stress hence possibilities in affecting the end results making the results null and void, there is the presence and availability of successful alternatives to animal testing, and it is expensive to use animals in experiments. Moreover, there are also time consuming, animals are widely killed with cruelty after these experiments, this method has limited scientific support, and animals are largely used in testing cleaning products that are not very important to humanity than surgery and medicine (Hackman 113).

Let us start by looking at the scientific limitations to using animal experiments. Despite the fact that the scientific world continues to embrace the use of animal testing, many scientists consider this act barbaric and ruthless (Food and Drug Administration 34). They go ahead to argue that the reliability and validity of this method are significantly questionable because to use an animal to predict how a certain product will react to human beings has a lot of uncertainty. In addition to that, some drugs may work excellently in animals and terribly fail in human beings. A good example is Thalidomide in Germany in the 1970s, which had been tested on a number of animals in their thousands and was declared safe for human use and released in the market in 1950s. It was a highly rated sedative for breastfeeding and pregnant mothers because the scientists involved argued that it affects neither the mother nor the child (Hackman 123). Never the less, most children whose mothers had embraced the use of Thalidomide were born with extreme deformation across the world. Another good example on how unreliable animal experiments are is Clioquinol. This drug was declared safe in stopping or controlling diarrhea in 1970s in Japan. Ironically, this drug was a catalyst in causing diarrhea and as a result many people died in thousands and many others remained blind. In addition to the examples above, the medical journal in Britain evaluated a number of scientific reviews concerning the influence of animal experiments in clinical research in 2004 (Food and Drug Administration 37). Many tactics used to conduct these studies were found to the underprivileged because sometimes they caused use samples in small portions than what is required and sometimes they could engage in human testing when the program is not complete. In many occasions, the research results could lead to a conclusion that a certain drug is dangerous yet the scientists still went ahead in using them in human beings. This illustrates that they did not regard the animal studies imperative. Indeed, drugs that work in animals are not an assurance that they will work in humans.

Cruelty is another major factor cited by individuals who are against the use of animals for conducting experiments (Christopher 39). The use of animals subjects them to a lot of psychological and physical pain. A good example is the LD50 test where animals are injected with a certain drug in different dosage just to determine which one will kill them faster (Food and Drug Administration 41). Hospitals and colleges also use animals as items that can be Manipulated or influenced at will. Animals feel despair, horror, pain, and torture despite the fact that they are not human. It is therefore arrogant, barbaric and reckless regarding moral standards to subject these animals through what we term as inhuman practices yet we do not even own them. This is subjecting a creature to a lot of pain against their will. To make the condition of this practice worse, this experiments are not only used to find medical solutions that can save human lives but they are widely used in cosmetics testing (Food and Drug Administration 47). These animals are then killed ruthlessly after they are used in conducting this research and others are always reared to keep the process going.

We cannot overlook the factor that this process of using animals in experiments against their will subject them to a lot of stress hence the results may not be accurate thus unreliability. Besides, there are very many biological variations between human and animal species. A good example is the current menace HIV virus (Food and Drug Administration 52). Non-human creatures cannot contract the HIV virus yet it is considered deadly in humans. A medication that appeared promising in treating rhesus macaques in animals was also ineffective in humans.

Animal experiments should stop because alternatives have been widely discovered (Christopher 40). In addition to this, scientists have developed a lot more in the campaign to terminate use of animals in experiments (Hackmann 40). Plastic models and computers can effectively substitute use of animals in experiments. In vitro examination: IC50 assesses how much chemicals can be to cells hence can replace LC50 examination that oversees a chemical given to a number of animals to determine what amount is able to kill more than half of the all population of the animals. Another method is the FDA, which is a technique that provides credible information on how humans can be widely affected by new drugs (Food and Drug Administration 77).

Despite the many negative effects of animal experiments mentioned above, the proponents of this method argue that there have been very many breakthroughs in medicine because of this technique. Consequently, humans well being is the primary reason hence animals concern come in as secondary priority. No one will want to give birth to a child who lives in extreme pain everyday when a solution could be found hence giving a try in finding solutions is good enough. They also advocate that they try to minimize the pain this animals go through as much as possible when conducting this experiments and use the most painless way when they have to kill them after experiments. Moreover, the genes resemblance between human beings and chimpanzees stand at 99 percent, which is a little fewer to other monkeys (Food and Drug Administration 81). How these creatures react to different components is therefore a lead to potential reactions of human beings. In addition to this, many animals share the physical attributes with human beings. Furthermore, it is morally unaccepted to risk the life of human beings when a procedure or medicine could be tested on animals, which are non-human. Lastly, these experiments benefit the animals themselves with veterinary medicine. This is therefore in the interest of both animals and humans they argue.

In conclusion, animal testing or experimentation is a concept that refers to the use of non-human animals in conducting various scientific experiments and procedures aimed at developing products and medicines that are beneficial to humans. The proponents of animal testing reiterate that it has played a very crucial role in developing numerous medications and treating various medical conditions. On the other hand, those against animal testing posit that it is extremely cruel because it subjects animals to a lot of pain and ends up killing not only animals but humans as well, especially when the experiments do not work as intended. Animal testing also cost a huge amount of resources and money considering that the animals must be fed, treated, housed etc for a certain period, which is relatively long. We should not forget that in most cases this drugs may react differently in humans and animals body hence rendering animal testing unreliable. Animals used for experimentation purposes are often caged or kept in enclosed surroundings and this automatically generate stress for the animals thus their reaction to the medicine cannot be compared to the reaction they could have in their natural environment. While I have mentioned a number of cons and pros to animal testing, I strongly believe that the results and solutions found through animal testing will never be precise. There is completely no relation between human physical conditions and those of animals. Besides, we have alternative methods to substitute the procedure of animal testing.

1. Key components that should be included in your company’s drug free work-place program to best meet the needs of both employees and the company
Some significant elements that should be included in a drug free work-place program include providing a written drug free workplace policy. Policies are guidelines that are provided to help guide employees on the rights and wrongs at the workplace (Krakow, 2000). These policies will only be effective if it states clearly why this program is crucial. Another key element is training of the supervisors. Through this training, supervisors are taught how to deal with employees who do not keep the rules and regulations of the company. This could also prove efficient in helping ensure that the supervisors are conversant with the company’s policies (Krakow, 2000).

Thirdly, offering education to employees is also extremely significant when it comes to creating a drug free workplace program. This will help ensure that workers are not ignorant of the importance of this program and will also helps in the provision of detailed information about the consequences of drug abuse and what it may do the company and to the employees too(Krakow, 2000).

Inclusion of mandatory alcohol and drug tasting in the program could also prove necessary. However, it is essential that the program states specifically who will be tested. For instance, all employees should be tested for this. This could be done in a three months period, where every employee is tested. It is also extremely pertinent to state which drugs will be tested (Krakow, 2000).

2. Identify the steps a manager should take if an employee’s actions create a suspicion that the employee has reported to work under the influence of substances.
One vital step that a manager should take is to obtain a factual documentation. This document is where the manager documents the factors that led to the conclusion that the employee is under the influence of drugs (Krakow, 2000). This information might have reached the manager through other employees or through the supervisors. However, the manager should not take this blindly, but rather should look for evidence that the employees was under the influence of drugs before taking any action (Krakow, 2000).

After taking this step, the manager should schedule a meeting with the employee as a way of getting explanation why the employee was behaving in such a manner. After gathering this information, the employer will decide form the feedback on the next step to take (Krakow, 2000). The third step is to accommodate as required. If the employee agrees that he has a drug problem, then the manager should accommodate the employee as required. After getting full information on this, the manager should provide the employee with an evaluation on the importance of seeking treatment.

Discipline is necessary for mistakes that the employees engage in at the workplace. Whether the employees agree to the mistake or not, the manager should consider the necessary punishment for the mistake. This could be justified through policies that are provided to deal with employees who go against regulations and rules of the work place (Krakow, 2000).

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• Risks to the information assets can be analyzed by the following issues;
• Risks to the organization’s assets; these are the events which are not wanted and thus could cause an accidental or deliberate loss, misuse or damage of assets.
• Vulnerabilities; how prone the asset is to attack.
• Impact; the magnitude of a likely loss.
• A security device, need to have the following characteristics so as to make people to use it widely;

Centralized administrative data base
A distributed database management system normally is used to manage a distributed database. A centralized database has all the data at one place. It is completely different from a distributed database which has data on different places (Thomas 2006). Since the data is at one place there is a problem bound to occur, and data availability is not efficient as it is the case in a distributed database. The main advantage of a centralized database is that its management is made easier since the data resides at the same place. The disadvantage of the centralized database is that bottlenecks occur. Monitoring of the data is done from one location and thus reducing the risks that would affect information of an organization.

This is an example of an information system that has a centralized database. Here four clients share a common database that is centrally placed. If data for a given Organization has centralized database, then all data is stored in a single place like a main frame computer or a server. User from remote locations then could only access data via the Wide Area Network (WAN) by use of programs of application to access the data. The mainframe or server should be able to satisfactorily handle requests that come to the system, and this makes it prone to a bottleneck. On the other hand because all data reside in the same place, it is very easy to maintain and back up data. Additionally it is much easier to maintain data integrity since once data has been stored in a centralized data base, an outdated one is expunged from other places.

Mobility of information
Mobility refers to the ability to move between locations. Mobility of information, as the term expresses, could refer to the ability of information to flow from one place to another with ease. A security device bearing this trait could be embraced by all people because it could serve their needs with a lot of efficiency (Timothy 2006). Migration of this sort is normally performed when the point of origin does provide given undesirable quality or because the point of destiny has given desirable features which could give rise to a number of opportunities as compared to the source. Here, we will be majorly concentrate on the mobility of computer systems and information systems to be specific. To this effect we mean the features that emerge in computer systems as a result of the use of mobile software or hardware. A feature could affect either the mobile elements or the components of the system which comprises of mobile component or in some cases both.

In computer science, mobile units do occur in both mobile software and hardware and on the other hand it is evident that several challenges are encountered doe to the distributed systems because they require additional consideration as compared to the centralized systems. As it regards to information systems, they have their own unique issues in computer science such as consistency and the truncation support. Hence mobility in this sense has various effects which are dependent on the combination of different characteristics: the characteristics of a distributed information system with mobile hardware inclusive differ to some extent with those of a centralized system which are being accessed by mobile agents, but also to some extent they share few commonalities.

Categorization of security levels
Security produced by a good security device ought to be made in such a way that it can be configured to different categories. There are standards set to enable the categorization of the security of information systems which are based on the objectives of availing appropriate levels of information security in accordance with the range of the risk levels (Mark 2011). Guidelines are also developed to recommend which types of information systems are to be incorporated in each category. Minimum requirements concerning information security which include; operational, management, and technical control of security are also considered so as to ensure that each category of information systems is okay.

These categories, in organizations are meant to caution them against any risk that could jeopardize their operations. They are therefore based on the potential effect on an institution should a given incidence occur and hence jeopardize the information systems which are handy to the organization in accomplishing assigned mission, fulfilling its legal mandate, protecting its assets, maintaining its day to day operations and protecting individuals. Security categories are therefore being used together with susceptibility and threat information in the assessment of the risk which could be encountered by an organization due to the operation of its security systems. Categorization of security is ensured under given standards which provide a framework and understanding which expresses security which in turn promotes;

Management that is effective coupled with effective oversight of information security programs which include the coordination of information security throughout the national security, homeland security, emergency preparedness, and law enforcement.

Consistency in reporting for example say, the office of Management and budget or congress on matters associated with the effectiveness of information security policies, practices and procedures.

Classification could be done in three levels as the table below indicates:

Sensitivity classification
Definition
Illustrative examples
Labels

• High

Financial harm
Operational harm
Personal harm
Personal information which could have highly sensitive information
Emergency Information
High sensitivity

• Medium

Same as above but with medium levels of sensitivity
Same as above but with high sensitivity
Medium sensitivity

• Low

Same as above but with low sensitivity
Same as above but with low sensitivity.
Low sensitivity

The table above merely shades light on how categorization of data can be done. These levels are as a result of the sensitivity levels of different data in an organization. Data could be same say for example personal information, but then differ in the levels it could be. For example in the government, personal information of the members of the cabinet could be treated as highly sensitive while that of junior employees in an organization is treated as less sensitive.

Real time response of a security device
This refers to the time that can be taken in replacing or fixing a security device in case it got damaged or destroyed. Since information security in any organization is crucial, any risk occurrence should be attended to with the urgency it deserves so as to curb further damages or destruction (Thomas 2005). As organizations continue leveraging open connectivity in communications regarding to business with their clients, partners and employees, risks of theft, intrusion and even malicious attacks are bound to happen thus posing a constant threat to the system integrity. In an effort to mitigate these risks, with in an environment with open computing, organization structures do depend on security infrastructures such as firewall and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and other preventive measures. But the purchase and implementation of the security devices alone can not completely do away with these threats which are associated with systems which are openly accessible. In order to curb the risks associated with any information security system, an organization ought to constantly monitor, maintain and manage these devices and enough resources must be in place to enable the organization to react to any suspicious activity.

Long lasting effect of a security device
If the security device is durable, then it will be able to create stability and ensure comfort to the people permanently. This will also make an organization to make more profits if it was a profit making organization since the costs associated with the purchasing or maintenance of the security device.

Expiration in security devices
A good security device needs to be made in such a way that once it expires it can be renewed. Renewable security devices enable the organization from the costs that would be encountered on acquiring new security devices. On the other hand, resources are scarce hence the importance to utilize them effectively. Some security devices could pose a threat to the environment by polluting it or equally there are costs that could be incurred when disposing them. These problems are avoided if the security devices are renewed.

Transferability
A good security device would be easily transferred to another from one person to another for them to use. Transferability of the security device between persons enables an organization to utilize the device. This characteristic can also enhance that one of mobility because a security device that is not transferable can not be mobile.

Multiplicity of security tool
A good security device can be termed excellent if just one device can be used in gaining access to multiple devices. This could be more effective as time is saved as only one device is involved in accessing several devices. At the same time a device bearing this trait, could help an organization to cut back on costs involved in employing more people who would be handling devices which do not have multiplicity trait. This is because one person can not handle all of them. Therefore multiplicity is a desirable characteristic of a security device since it makes an organization’s running smooth.

There are two main issues that could rise as a result multiplicity. Essentially, these issues emerge when there is no stable trust network. These are:
1. The risk of someone accessing unethical materials online by using your network or even your personal information via your local network.
2. The risk involved due to the need to trust access point owner you connect to while at home. This may involve the stealing of sensitive passwords such as those of a bank or online banking services.

To avoid these issues, an organization needs to maintain its Networks properly especially the Local Area Network (LAN). This is to ensure that these intruders or those intending to use the information wrongly are kept at bay.

It is important that any organization takes sufficient caution on its information systems by ensuring that it hires the appropriate employees who are competent at their work and by ensuring that data is monitored and managed effectively (Kimberly 2004). This will make an organization to be able to guard its assets properly thus ensuring itself success.

All these pigments absorb light at different wavelengths and resolute on the paper chromatogram at different speeds. As a result, they will occupy different regions on the paper chromatogram based on their resolution. A look at the results of the paper chromatography reveals a chromatogram with five different regions occupied by different pigments. We observe an orange pigment, yellow pigment, yellow-green pigment, blue-green and reddish pigments in that order. These are the pigments that are clearly visible on the chromatogram. These pigments appear in this order from the solvent front. Remember the solvent used in this process must not dissolve any of these pigments. There are other pigments in blurred and appear grey in color. They appear at the bottom of the rest of the pigments.

Looking at the table that provides the results of the distance of each pigment from the solvent front, we can assign each of these pigments a specific pigment number line. In this case, the orange pigment is position 1, yellow pigment is position 2, yellow-green pigment is position 3, blue-green pigment is position 4 and reddish pigment is position 5. Based on the above results, we can say that the orange pigment is the lightest of all and moves quickly on the chromatography paper. On the other hand, the reddish pigment is the heaviest among the visible pigments and moves slowly on the chromatogram. After identifying these regions on the chromatogram, we can correctly associate them with their correct pigments from theory. As a result, the orange pigment represents the carotenes, the yellow pigment represents the xanthophylls, the yellow-green region represents chlorophyll a, the blue-green region represents chlorophyll b and the reddish region represents the anthrocyanins. The blurred grey region represents the pheophytin pigments.

The above results must be supported by another set of results that will confirm the accuracy of identification. As a result, the pigments on the chromatogram are scrapped off and put in different test tubes where we measure the transmittance and absorbance of light. Transmittance of light refers to those wavelengths of light that are not used by plants pigments. As a result, they pass through the pigments without any interference. On the other hand, absorbance of light refers to those wavelengths of light that do not pass through these pigments; hence, used by the pigments. All plant pigments have different absorbance and transmittance of light wavelength. The absorbance of these pigments ranges from 440 nm to 660 nm, where they absorb most light energy. This is basically between the blue and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

An examination of the absorbance and transmittance results provided indicates that maximum absorption is between the 400 nm and 600 nm wavelengths. However, the maximum absorption for every pigment varies depending on the wavelength. For example, the 1st sample show maximum absorption at 500 nm, sample 2 shows maximum absorption at 400 nm, sample 3 shows maximum absorption at 400 nm, sample 5 shows maximum absorption at 600 nm and sample 4 shows maximum absorption at 400 nm.

Using these different absorption rates, we can correctly match the absorbance to the correct pigments. For instance, chlorophyll a and b absorb maximally at 400 nm and 600 nm. Using this information, we can say with confidence that sample 3 that shows maximum absorption at 600 nm is chlorophyll. Beta carotene absorbs maximally at 400 nm than any other pigment. Therefore, based on the results provided, sample 7 absorbs maximally at 400 nm giving an absorbance of 0.24. These are the carotenes. This is followed by xanthophylls that absorb maximally at 400 nm. Therefore, sample 6 represents the xanthophylls. The anthrocyanins absorb minimally at 400 nm compared to other pigments; hence, represented by sample 5. Using this information, we have correctly justified the information revealed by the chromatogram.

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While human society migrated from an agricultural to an industrial basis, there was an increase in the amount of goods and services being outsourced. Entire communities moved out of rural areas and into villages, turning them into towns and then eventually into cities. Fewer people raised their own livestock, grew their own produce, or completed tasks themselves. Tasks that required a highs skill level were always done by third parties, such as carpentry, building, etc.

There were four typical reasons why work would outsourced. First and foremost was cost. There was a lower cost involved when someone else performed the task, particularly where economies of scale was concerned e.g. raising livestock, growing produce. Another reason was time. Long ago, work was quite labor intensive and people had only so much time during the day to complete the tasks they had to do. Prioritization of work was necessary as was completion of the most important or most urgent tasks while not doing the less important tasks. Those forgotten tasks would only get done when there would be time, or a third party would complete them.

Another important reason was a lack of skilled and/or sufficient resources. In a way like time, there were only so many people to do the work, and if the work had to be done, then more people were brought in to do the work. Some work could only be completed with specific skills which in a good deal of cases needed several years to learn.

A few examples of these skills were clothing manufacture, carpentry, building construction, etc. It made sense and was easier to have tasks like these performed by expert craftspeople rather than attempting to perform the tasks internally.

The fourth reason had to do with people’s attitudes. Certain tasks were considered to be of low importance in the overall scheme of things. Although the tasks had to be done it was considered servile work and was thus passed off for somebody else to complete. Tasks like these included cleaning, cooking, laundry, etc.

On September 11,2001, members of his organization took action against our nation in the most unforgivable way imaginable. Although the events last year were against the United States, they will change the world for years to come. As a nation we have been scared, but we have also risen above it and pulled together. We are considered to be the strongest, most powerful and secure country in the world. But on that fateful day our sense of security was forever tarnished. It is tragic to think that any ignoramus who can learn how to crash a plane into a building could pose a potential threat to the world.

Osama bin Laden has implanted fear into the lives of all humankind, no longer do people feel safe getting onto an airplane or going in a restaurant or building that might be bombed or hit by another terrorist attack. If the most powerful country on earth is defenseless against this kind of strike, imagine how easily any small country could crumble and fall at the mercy of a lunatic like Osama.

I believe that the United States has the most dominant military force in the world and we are in the process of fighting a war, a war against terror, a war against Osama. We have not officially declared war against anyone, because this issue is so controversial, and we are presently under the leadership of a man that makes us very vulnerable. He must handle this likely catastrophe very delicately, or his decision might launch us into World War III.

Osama bin Laden believes, as do we, that his views are the right way and the only way, and is determined to make everyone see that. He feels that the lives taken by terrorism are merely casualties of war, and although some think that bin Laden is dead, his fight is still very much alive.

Parker`s Mississippi Burning is based on the Ku Klux Klan`s murders of three civil rights workers in 1964. A Time To Kill by Joel Schumacher is about a Negro Father who takes the law into his own hands after the legal system fails to condemn the two white men who raped and beat his daughter. Rob Reiner`s Ghost Of Mississippi is a true story about a white supremacist accused of the murder of NAACP officer Medgar Evers, 30 years after he was shot down in his driveway. Racism, Negroes gaining power and cinematic symbolism are all evident in the three texts, which made the films entertaining and also made the viewer feel quite empathetic towards the Negro`s.

The three films contain racism that is enough to make the stomach turn. Ghosts Of Mississippi by Rob Reiner shows racism were you least expect it, it is shown in the Counties Police Department. After Medgar Ever`s assassination, a police report was written by the Sheriff, he wrote ” To the Jackson Police Department, when you catch whoever killed the Nigger, you be sure to pin a medal on him cause he just did the state of Mississippi one hell of a favour”. This statement made by the Sheriff in the film shows just how racist America`s South was in the 1960`s. Parker`s Mississippi Burning also portrays racism in the South. Parker expressed racism against Negroes in everyday life, he showed that the South was a very racist and prejudice place, when the main characters Anderson and Ward walked into the local restaurant. The restaurant was full with both blacks and whites, the blacks had their own section of the restaurant, it was situated in the corner, and the whites situated near the large viewing window with a nice view and easy access to the door. Director Joel Schumacher`s A Time To Kill also portrays racism; it is shown when the Ku Klux Klan becomes active again after 15 years of being in hibernation. The Klan become active again because Jake Brigance a white lawyer defends Carl Lee Hailey a black man for the murder of two white men, who brutally raped and beat his daughter. Because Brigance defends Hailey the Klan burns down his house, and Brigance is forever getting phone calls calling him a “Nigger Lover”, all because of the Klan`s hate towards the blacks. Even though all three films depict racism, parkers Mississippi Burning portrays it the best. Mississippi Burning portrays racism the best because it is set in the early 1960`s when racism was at its prime in the South.

A significant similarity between the three texts is that of the Negro struggle against racism is starting to pay off. When the trial for Medgar Evers murder was open in 1965, the jury consisted of 12 whites and no blacks; this jury resulted in Byron De La Beckwith who was witnessed shooting Medgar Evers being “Not Guilty.” But 30 years later after Medgar was murdered the case went back to the courtroom and the jury consisted of 8 blacks and just 4 whites, this showing the viewers that the blacks do have an opinion that counts in America`s South today. Parker`s Mississippi Burning also portrays that racism is fading. Mrs Pell a white woman who actually feels sorry for the way the whites of Mississippi treat the blacks actually holds a black baby in public knowing the risks of showing any emotion towards the Negroes. This shows that the struggle for equilibrium with the whites is starting to pay off. Carl Lee Hailey`s struggle for freedom in A time To Kill also portrays racism is fading, at Carl Lee`s final hearing to see whether he is “Guilty or Not Guilty”, a large crowd including both blacks and whites chant vigorously outside the courtroom “Free Carl Lee” over and over again. Then a young boy runs outside the courtroom and shouts “Not Guilty” and the crowd erupts with both blacks and whites hugging each other and celebrating together over a black man not being condemned for taking the law into his own hands. A Time To Kill shows that racism is fading the best because it is set in the mid-90`s when racism was starting to become to a halt.

All three films express racism using cinematic symbolism. Mississippi Burning uses cinematic symbolism to express racism by showing at the start of the film a water pipe that branches off into two, one end has a plain water fountain connected to it, with a sign reading “coloured” and the other end of the pipe has a refrigerated water fountain with a sign reading “whites”. This cinematic symbolism portrays to the viewer that whites and blacks are not equal and even though we come from the same place (water pipe coming down) we then split up into two because of prejudice and discrimination. Reiner`s Ghost Of Mississippi uses cinematic symbolism when the main character Bobby DeLaughter walks into a group of toilets and on the door it read “White Men”, but the “White Men” print was painted over. Reiner`s use of cinematic symbolism symbolises that racism is fading but it has still left a scar in each Negroes heart. Cinematic symbolism is also evident in Schumacher`s A Time To Kill; it is depicted when Ozzie Walls a black Police officer is voted to become Sheriff. This symbolism shows that now the blacks are starting to gain “Authority” over the whites. Mississippi Burning expresses cinematic symbolism better than the other two films because of the use of water pipes at the start of the film, the pipes are easier to find and also speak for themselves.

The three texts Mississippi Burning, A Time To Kill and Ghosts Of Mississippi are three brilliant texts. They are all example of the white`s mistreatment towards the blacks of Mississippi. The texts are aimed towards adults and anyone who has an open mind, so that the mistreatment of the blacks can actually sink into their hearts. By viewing the three texts, they have really opened my mind towards a non-racist view and have really made me aware that there is no need to discriminate against people who look different. Overall, all three films are brilliant, but the film that stands out is Ghost Of Mississippi directed by Rob Reiner. It shows the whites hatred towards the blacks and also shows the blacks views toward the whites. Rob Reiner portrays the views of the blacks and whites clearer in Ghosts Of Mississippi than the other two texts that were viewed, this resulted in a better story line and overall a better film.

Ipad is highly advantageous in that it is small in size and weight and thus easy to handle. The device is controlled by use of a multi-touch screen and thus the user can be able to navigate through the IPad’s capabilities with ease. In terms of internet connectivity, the device can use either 3G or Wi-Fi mobile data connection methods to connect to the World Wide Web. Through the device, one can be able to stream audio and visual media, browse the internet and even install a software. For better performance with a personal computer, the device is synced by iTunes via the USB cable. The device has two internal speakers through which the user can hear the sound of the media being played and three audio ports through which the user connects external speakers. It has an internal rechargeable battery made of lithium-ion polymer. The introduction of the iPad into the industry has made the entertainment industry more fun and enjoyable.

The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service would also be consulted as well because they are one of the lead agencies in dealing with matters pertaining to federally listed endangered animals.

In site three there is a riverside habitat that is frequently visited by many animals such as deer, antelope, coyote and rabbits. Here is where I would once again commit to the protection of these native animals. Many hunters would see this as a great area for hunting due to the type of animals present, but instead a tour service will be run through the area and hunting will be banned. These are native animals to the park and their population must be maintained in order to sustain the park¡¦s ecosystem. If hunting were allowed in this area then the population of these animals would be compromised and so would the ecosystem.

Site seven has a cliff that is home to a small ecosystem of birds, rodents and other small animals. This is a natural zone in which maintenance of all natural resources and activities including diversity, population and plant and animal life will take place. It is here that I would concentrate on keeping control over the population of these animals in order to maintain the park¡¦s ecosystem. I would attempt to control the population not by limiting it but my maintaining it and not letting the current population drop. Activities such as hiking and bird watching will be permitted but no activities that would alter the ecosystem in anyway.

Here we have an area consisting of Pinon woodland that is home to many deer and other small animals. This is another natural zone within the park that needs to be taken into consideration when making this plan. In this area a bird sanctuary will be built and have guided tours given as well as camping sites that will be open for use by permit. This is another area in which hunting or capturing of animals will be prohibited to preserve the future of this ecosystem. The zone will also be controlled as to the amount and frequency of human influence. This will be done to make sure the ecosystem is not affected by human presence.

Fire Management
This natural zone has recently experienced devastating affects of a fire that has recently gone through the area burning the grass and shrubs that were in the surrounding area. For this part of the park a fire management plan will be implemented in order to help reduce the risk of such fires occurring for a second time. This was a natural phenomena that luckily did not harm any important vegetation or animal species in the area but did leave an unused open area. With most of this grassland already cleared the off-road track will be moved here from site 5. With the off-road track taking place here it will prevent most of the grass from growing back which reduces the risk of fire. The land being used in site 5 has more moisture and will be used for more useful purposes.

Paleontologic Resource Management
This is a special designation area in which the oldest human settlement of 35,000 years has been discovered and research is being conducted. The area will be blocked off from all persons not related to the research and be restricted to research and educational purposes only. The area will be managed to provide the most amount of protection to the site by preventing natural occurrences that might affect the site like erosion, wind and water. This will be done by the construction of a shelter over the area to allow the research to be conducted indoors and safe from any outside threats. The area will also be declared a World Heritage Site because it is a natural area that possess an outstanding universal value as part of the world¡¦s natural heritage.

Geological Resource Management
This is where an old mining village consisting of rotting buildings and one collapsed shaft that fell into the mountains. In some cases developments like pathways and ventilation systems might be allowed for public use and development that won¡¦t significantly alter the cave environment. Any necessary construction will not be allowed in this area as it is far too fragile to support such a development unless it can be proven that the construction will not significantly change the cave environment. Apart from guided tours around the site there will be no human presence allowed through the area except for research purposes.

Water Management
This was a site where off road vehicles were informally used until they were moved to site 8, where land has already been cleared by a fire. The site will be named a park development zone because this is where recreational fields for baseball, basketball and tennis will be built and the track torn down. The stream that runs north of the site will allow fuel-burning watercraft but it will be regulated in accordance to the Clean Water Act. The stream will also have designated camping and picnic areas along the stream for public use and enjoyment. Certain areas will be regulated at particular times because of water monitoring studies that will be taking place in order to secure the preservation of water within the park

Air Resource Management
At this site we have an old mining village with collapsed shafts and buildings that are falling apart by the day. The National Park Service¡¦s primary goal is to ensure the best air quality in parks because it is critical to visitor enjoyment, human health, preservation of natural systems and cultural resources. Historic structures are sensitive to air pollution and need to be considered when monitoring air quality. The highest measures will be followed to make sure the air quality within the park is acceptable and complies with all federal, state and local air quality regulations. This will be done so by monitoring and documenting air quality, determining air polluting impacts and their causes and measuring air quality related values within the park and especially around the historical site.

This is a prehistoric site in which air quality is once again of extreme importance and needs direct attention. Prehistoric sites have the same sensitivity to air pollution as the historical structures at site 4 and can be damaged just the same, which is why air quality must be at a high level. In order to protect this site from potential damage, air quality will be monitored and recorded to comply with the Clean Air and Organic Acts. Programs will be instated that fix and prevent future impacts on the park¡¦s resources that resulted from man made air pollution and develop control plans and regulations.

A team can be defined as a group of people working together to achieve a certain goal and objectives. They usually have a defined task or tasks, which were already set, and everyone in the team has a specific or defined role to play. For example, a football team, every player has a role to play on the field in order to win. They are said to be dependent on each other’s efforts. An effective team is one that achieves its aim in the most efficient way and is then ready to take on more challenging tasks if so required. Members of an effective team are likely to be united in a common purpose, trust each other, be committed, be open with each other, accept consensus decisions, and support one another and work through conflict. There are probably no clear and finite stages of development. Here are some phases of team development. People sometimes distinguish between Hierarchical tams and Expect teams.

In a Hierarchical team there is leader, who is responsible for the teams overall act and assign the tasks to the other team members. There is a clear chain of authority, based on level of responsibility. (See diagram below)
Hierarchical team structure

This structure is usually used in companies. For example the Director will be on the top followed by the managers and then followed by the workers and the co-workers.

In an Expect team, the members are chosen for their particular skill and there is a team co-ordinator rather than a team leader. (See diagram below)
Expect team structure

This type of structure is mostly used with in sports teams, whereby you have everyone with the same responsibility but different skills to help achieve the task (which is winning the match).

According to Tuckman there four stages team development and these are as follows:-
Forming is when a team is just made or created. No one knows what to expect of anyone. Sometimes they may not know each other. The leader is not known to them yet and they do not know what behavior will or will not be appropriate. They are also unsure of what their objectives are. In this case, everyone awaits the rules and the methods to be employed.

Storming is when conflict arises and the capability of the leader is challenged. They may be doubt about whether there are sufficient resources to meet the demands of the tasks ahead. People react emotionally against its demands.

Norming is when the group begins to attune. They start to sort out all their conflicts and people start to co-operate on the tasks, plans are made and work standards are laid down. Communication views and feelings develop.

Performing is when the team is fully functional. The group structures itself or accepts a structure, which fits most appropriately with its common tasks. Constructive work on the task surges ahead; progress is experienced as more of the group’s energy is applied to being effective in the area of their common task.

For example, I was in a team of six people and we were given three tasks to perform. Our group performed very well and there no arguments or disagreements what so ever. According to the stages of team development, our group only went through the three of the four stages, which were, forming, norming, and performing. We started of by finding out what the tasks were and the objectives. Then we all decided that Dale was going to do all the writing, this was the forming stage for us. We also established the group culture on how we would do the tasks and the tea breaks that we needed. Our group did not go through the storming stage whereby there were any disagreements, competition and conflicts in the personal relations. The norming stage for us was basically sharing our views on the tasks and speaking and listening to each other. Finally the performing stage was we all felt we belonged to the group and completed the tasks set.

The types of behaviour in which people engage are unlimited. But the range of useful behaviours, which make an effective contribution to team performance, is limited. These behaviours could be grouped into a set numbers of related clusters to which the term ‘team role’ is applied. “The term ‘team role’ refers to a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others at work in certain distinctive ways”. (R.Meredith Belbin, P.24). According to Belbin’s book, there are nine teaming roles and the following are roles and description of team members.

Plant / Innovators in a team are creative, imaginative, and serious minded. They tend to solve difficult problems. They are known, as the Genius, has assertive self-confidence with uninhibited self-statement. They have a strong capacity for advancing new ideas/strategies, which can transform teams thinking. They tend to ignore details, too occupied to communicate effectively and can be a difficult and uncomfortable colleague.

Resource investigators are extroverts, enthusiastic, communicative and curious. They are capable of exploring new opportunities. They have an ability to respond to challenges. Due to their cheerful and positive character, it helps the team maintain good relationship. They are not very creative but stimulate good ideas in others. They are usually overoptimistic and lose interest, once initial enthusiasm has passed.

Coordinators / chairman are mature, confident, calm and controlled. They have a capacity for treating and welcoming all potential contributors on their merits and without prejudice. They have a strong sense of objectives and can also be seen as manipulative and delegates’ personal work. They are no more than ordinary in terms of intellect or creative ability.
Shapers are challenging, dynamic, outgoing and thrives on pressure. Has the drive and courage to overcome obstacles. Usually likes action, quick results, willing followers and leads from the front. They are less effective in formal structured teams and needs to exercise self-discipline, adopt more coordinating role as opposed to leading.

Monitor evaluators are sober, strategic and discerning. They see all options and judges accurately. They usually have high I.Q. They have a strong critical thinking ability, analyse ideas and evaluate feasibility. They tend to be intellectually competitive; can cause conflict, not made easier by fact that he/she is usually right, they can also be seen as least highly motivated team members.

Team workers are socially oriented, cooperative, mild perceptive and diplomatic. Have the ability to respond to people and to situations, and to promote team spirit. Team workers can prevent disruption and conflict. They are loyal to the team. They can step in to minimize the friction innovators can cause unknowingly and shapers uncaringly. They can be easily influenced. There are likely to be missed if not there.

Implementers are disciplined, predictable, conservative and efficient. They have an organising ability, turn ideas into practical actions, and are hardworking and self-disciplined. Have good deal of trust, belief in people, sees their talent as resources rather than a threat to him/her. Lack of flexibility and slow to respond to new possibilities. Completers / finishers. They are painstaking, conscientious, anxious and orderly. They search out errors and omissions made by the team. They have to make sure everything is perfect. They have a capacity to follow through. Usually nag colleagues, communicates a sense of urgency. A disadvantage is that, they are not always easy to live with because they could lower morale.

Specialists are single-minded, self-starting and dedicated people. Specialists provide knowledge and skills in rare supply to the team. But contributes on only a narrow front. Dwells on technicalities and overlooks other things.
I took a self perception inventory and found out that I am more of a completer/finisher, someone that is “anxious, compulsive, introverted (shy) and tense”. The self inventory also states that I am someone that gets concerned, and nags colleagues. This best describes my character when it comes to me playing my part in a team. It is true that I am more of the completer; I like to finish off the work and nag the rest of the team members on playing their part. The inventory also says that without me that team would fall behind schedule, forget about the less urgent matters. I do agree with this, because there was a time when my team was set some tasks as I began to worry that we would not finish and ended up carry out one of the task myself.

Leadership is the act of leading. Leadership is the process in which an individual gains that trust and commitment of others and without reliance on formal positions or authority moves the group to accomplishment of one or more tasks. (Walter F Ulmer, Jr). Leadership is also known as the ability to get people to do what they don’t like to do and like it. (Harry S Truman). At times, groups might elect leaders but their role was essentially picking up the functions which members failed to provide. Groups such as trade unions or sports club choose their leaders who are ultimately responsible for the group. When a task is given to the group, higher authority appoints the leader, to tackle it. If given a difficult, a leader who exercises the art of leadership properly will generate sense of responsibility in everyone in the team. But he alone is accountable for the task. An example is at work, in a call centre; I work as a Customer Service Representative and I have to make sure I answer every call that comes through to me. I have a team leader who makes sure that I do my job properly, which is to be polite and make sure there is good quality conversation between myself and the customer. If anything wrong was to happen like how many calls I was taking or using the wrong protocols then my leader would not be questioned but I would

The primary responsibility as a leader as everyone knows is to ensure that a group achieves its common task. It has to be a common task, one that everyone in the group can share because they see that it has value for the organisation and affects them directly or indirectly. In order to be successful as a team leader in any given task, it will be necessary to pick out some functions that should be fulfilled while working in teams. The first thing that should come to mind is defining the task. Most of the time, the task is usually given to the group leader who will then pass it on to the others and define the objectives or targets to them. For example during my business studies lecture in secondary school, we were given a task to do in my group and the task was only explained to me. I had to go to the other group members to explain what was required of us. Being a leader in that case I had to be careful about the information I will be passing on to the other team members because if I give the wrong information to the team, the wrong work will be done. Defining the task basically entails telling the group the objective you have been given. What needs to be done, why and breaking down an aim into objectives for other group members. Re-define the purpose towards the end of the task to create more objectives. A leader should make sure they understand the task before explaining to other team members and not using the wrong language.

Planning is another good function of an effective team leader. Planning is also known as arranging beforehand. This is a process of searching for the best way a task should be carried out. It will be useful to memorize Rudyard Kipling’s checklist while planning which includes what, why, when, how, where, and who. These questions are usually asked in order to be clear of exactly what needs to be done. Contingency planning is one aspect of planning which experienced leaders tend to pay more attention to than others. A leader cannot foresee every eventuality. It will be wise for a leader to build a certain amount of flexibility into his/her plan so that he/she will not be caught out by unforeseen happenings.

Briefing also known as instructing is a function of a leader. It comments on the two previous functions. After a briefing is done, questions arise such as does everyone know what their jobs are and has each member of the group clearly defined targets as agreed between him/her and the leader. The main purpose of a briefing meeting is to allocate tasks to groups and individuals, to distribute resources and to set or check standards of performances. There are five briefing skills, which are usually used for a group for effective action. Preparing is the ability to think ahead and plan your communication and anything else that needs to be said. Clarifying is the ability to make clear or understandable. Simplifying is making complicated matters simple. Vivifying is to make a subject come alive. Natural is the ability to be you and cope with nerves in front of an audience.

Controlling involves both checking against standards and directing the course of work in progress. The success at directing, regulating, restraining or encouraging individual and team efforts on the task and in meetings is the criteria for testing a leader’s effectiveness as controller. A leader should try to maintain a balance between controlling too tightly and giving too much freedom to the team.

Evaluating is determining the value of what has been alone. This is an important function, which assesses consequences, evaluating teams’ performance, appraising and training individuals and judging people. As a leader it is important to develop good judgment about people. Avoid having favorites. The test of your ability in this respect lies in the performance of the people you have appointed. The function of evaluating means that the leader will give both the group and the individual feedback when the task is achieved.

The ability to move and excite people to action is called motivation. A leader has to be able to get the group and its individual members moving and in the right direction. The leadership should make sure that the physiological and security needs of the individual are met. If motivations and good job satisfaction are to be good, each individual must receive adequate recognition for his achievements and feel that he/she as an individual is developing, that he/she is advancing in experience and ability.

Organising is the function of arranging or forming into coherent unity or functional whole. It can mean systematic planning as well. Organizing means the structuring that has to be done if people are to work as a unit with each element performing its proper part. A leader should become very good at managing time, for it is the most precious resource.

A leader cannot help setting an example but the question is whether it will be a good or a bad one. When a leader is setting a good example people will tend not to be too aware of it, but they will certainly notice and comment upon a bad example. “I cannot hear what you are saying, for what you are, is thundering in my hears”, as the African proverb puts it. A leader needs to be very careful with what he/she does because people tend to notice what is being done more than what is being said. Many leaders of creative groups perform their functions as supporters, team builders etc because it is in their nature, though it must be added that to be effective it is certainly easier if one’s natural style is consonant with the culture of the organization as a whole.

In Philip Sadler’s book on Leadership, he went on to explain the four styles of leadership, which are autocrative, persuasive, consultative and democractive while John Whatmore explained three leadership styles in his book Releasing Creativity. He mentioned the Autocratic, democratic and manipulative leaders. His description of the democratic and autocratic leadership styles are the same but the manipulative leaders are highly skilled at setting up situations in ways that will enable members of the group whether consciously or unconsciously to produce appropriate performances. I chose to assess the four styles by Philip Sadler. The four main styles of leadership, which any leader could fall into, are autocratic, democratic, persuasive and consultative leadership.

The autocratic leadership is when the leader takes decisions and imposes them on the group and expect them to do as he ask with no questions. There are occasions and situations in which autocratic leaders produce outstanding creative performances from their groups. Autocrats will be most successful on task-oriented projects, which have agreed criteria for success, where they play roles of organizer and controller. For example, in an emergency where an immediate decision is demanded, an autocratic style is likely to be most appropriate and would normally be considered justified by the group.

The democratic leader encourages members of his/her group to share the decision taking process and sees him/herself as a coordinator of group effort, rather than as the decision taker. The leader will allow the decision to emerge out of the process of group discussion instead of imposing it on the group as its boss. In this case the leader shares not only the work but also the leadership. I personally think this is the best style of leadership because this enables one to speak freely and you’re happy to be within the team because the leader brings himself down to everyone’s level. I think this brings about a better working environment. This style is appropriate in instance where the nature of the responsibility associated with the decision is such that group members are willing to share it with their leader or the leader is willing to accept responsibility for decisions, which he/she has not made personally.

In the persuasive style, the leader also takes decision for the group without discussion or consultation but believes that people will be better motivated if they are persuaded that the decisions are good ones. He or she usually does a lot of explaining to overcome any possible resistance to hat he or she wants to do. The leader puts a lot of energy into creating enthusiasm for the goals he/she has set for the group. This style tend to fit situations in which the group leader, and he/she alone possesses all the information on which the decision must be based and which at the same time calls for a very high level of commitment and enthusiasm on the part of group members if the task is to be carried through successfully.

The significant feature of consultative leadership is that the leader confers with the group members before taking decisions. In this case, the leader considers their advice and their feelings when framing decisions. He may not always accept his sub-ordinates advice but they are likely to feel that they can influence the leader. This style is to be most appropriate when there is time in which to reach a considered decision and when the information on which the decisions need to be base is distributed among the members of the group. The fact that different styles are appropriate to different situations would simply be that the skilled leader varies his/her style according to the nature of the situation facing the group.

This essay has discussed the stages that contribute to establishment of effective teams, roles of team members and my preferred role within a team. It has also discussed the functions of an effective team leader and the four main styles of leadership and the context in which they may be most successful. This essay gives some examples of my personal experiences at work and in class where I worked within a team and being lead by a leader.